REGULATORY CONTROL 35 procedures, despite the significant expansion of international traffic and the accelerated speed of travel. One example is the driller of Durra`s rod, Sesamia cretica Lederer, which has been intercepted numerous times at ports of entry into the United States. In a single year, 38,461 foreign plant pests were intercepted at U.S. ports of entry, an average of 1 every 16 minutes. In addition, 401,393 lots of prohibited plant material were prevented from entering the United States in a single year. The United Kingdom has prevented the artificial introduction of the apple-killing fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), by imposing certain restrictions on imports of apples from the United States. These examples show that regulatory measures are often feasible and effective. However, despite the application of quarantine procedures, some important pests such as the cereal beetle Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus) and the face fly Musca autumnalis De Geer have recently been introduced to the United States. For example, the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, has been continuously regulated in the United States since 1919.

Established infestations do not yet exist west of the Mississippi River and occur only in isolated areas of the southeastern part of the country. The gypsy moth Porthetria dispar (Linnaeus), which affects many deciduous trees and shrubs, was first found in the United States in 1869. Control and quarantine programs have limited the pest to a few northeastern states, although there are about 100 million acres of forest west of the Mississippi River known to be vulnerable to attack. The mite Psoroptes ovis (herring), which once infested 50% of sheep in the United States, is now confined to a few Midwestern states. Home quarantines, combined with treatment programs, have eliminated several parasites from the United States. Examples include the bovine tick Boophilus annulatus (Say); red tick, Rhipicephalus evertsi Neumann, Florida; Date parlataria, Parlatoria blanchardii (Targioni-Tozzetti), from Arizona and California; Hall Scale, Nilotaspis halli (green), from California; Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Florida and Texas; and the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts, from the United States and also from Mexico. Many of the examples used to document and explain the various principles of regulatory control come from the United States. However, similar programs are active in most countries around the world.

Although adequate legislation now exists in the United States that serve as the basis for necessary quarantine measures and eradication or suppression treatments, the success of publicly funded programs is largely attributable to the 40 PEST CONTROL AND MOVEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC SAMPLES Under the provisions of federal and state regulations, Permission may be granted to move live parasites to specific locations for scientific purposes. to import or transfer. This approval is based on a careful review of each case by the relevant state and federal agencies. It is desirable to conduct scientific studies in areas where the pest is known. If this is not possible, the next choice is an area away from where the pest could establish itself once it escapes. If the investigation is to be carried out in areas where the presence of the pest is not known and could become established, consideration shall first be given to whether adequate safety precautions can be maintained to exclude any possibility of escape. Other considerations relate to the nature of the studies to be conducted, the potential biotic range of the pest and its relative importance, and the possibility that it may be a new breed or strain that does not exist in the area where the testing is to be conducted. The granting of an authorisation shall be subject to such verification. It is important that everyone abide by the laws governing the movement of live pests and recognize their responsibility to prevent the illegal escape or transport of pests. REGULATORY CONTROL PROGRAMS Publicly funded regulatory control programs are an integral part of overall efforts to protect crops and livestock from pests. These programs are based on the results of the best available research information, and research should continue as long as the programs are ongoing so that improvements can be made.

There are three main types of publicly organized and funded pest management programs: eradication, containment and suppression. Eradication and contamination programs also include regulatory activities to prevent reinfestation or spread to new areas. The type of programme to be implemented depends on the objectives. Various methods are used in eradication, containment and suppression programmes; This includes chemical, cultural and biological measurements. Chemical control procedures for eradication have been effective and cost-effective, but chemicals must be used in a manner that causes minimal adverse side effects. An important consideration when using toxins in organized state-funded programs is ensuring that materials are applied under the guidance of personnel trained in the proper use of pesticides. The total amount of chemicals required to control a pest in programs of this type is usually less than the amount that would be used 46 PEST CONTROL AND CONTROL AND REGULATORY MEASURES MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE. Even if basic laboratory research information on the pest is available, adapting this data to large-scale quarantine or control measures requires considerable expansion and field evaluation.